{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:11:55Z","timestamp":1787029915328,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUX-PE-Toxinologia-1207\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX-PE-Toxinologia-1207\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406385\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406385\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303792\/2016-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303792\/2016-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.09.0278.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.09.0278.04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.12.0450.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.12.0450.03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, we report the neurotoxic effects aroused by the intracerebral injection (in rats) of Tb1, which is a neurotoxin isolated from Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom. Biochemical analyses have demonstrated that this toxin is similar to the gamma toxin from T. serrulatus, which is a \u03b2-scorpion toxin that acts on sodium channels, causing the activation process to occur at more hyperpolarized membrane voltages. Male Wistar rats were stereotaxically implanted with intrahippocampal electrodes and cannulas for electroencephalographic recording and the evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters levels. Treated animals displayed behavioral and electroencephalographic alterations similar to epileptiform activities, such as myoclonus, wet dog shakes, convulsion, strong discharges, neuronal loss, and increased intracerebral levels of glutamate. Scorpion toxins are important pharmacological tools that are widely employed in ion channel dysregulation studies. The current work contributes to the understanding of channelopathies, particularly epilepsy, which may originate, among other events, from dysfunctional sodium channels, which are the main target of the Tb1 toxin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T07:41:11Z","timestamp":1580110871000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tb1, a Neurotoxin from Tityus bahiensis Scorpion Venom, Induces Epileptic Seizures by Increasing Glutamate Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emidio","family":"Beraldo Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Toxinology of Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Alves de","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Toxinology of Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2406-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Carvalho","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1162-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. A.","family":"Nencioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2015.1079674","article-title":"Voltage gated sodium channels as drug discovery targets","volume":"9","author":"Bagal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2017.1380758","article-title":"Distribution and function of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous System","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach, J.P. (2018). Treatment of epilepsy\u2014Towards precision [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. 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