{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T13:14:14Z","timestamp":1781961254185,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31600721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770835, 31801975 and 31930015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770835, 31801975 and 31930015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZSTH-034, XDB31000000, QYZDJ-SSW-SMC012, XDA12040221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZSTH-034, XDB31000000, QYZDJ-SSW-SMC012, XDA12040221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Yunnan Province","award":["2019ZF003 and 2018ZF001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZF003 and 2018ZF001"]}]},{"name":"Biological Resources Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KFJ-BRP-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJ-BRP-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venoms contain components selected to immobilize prey. The venoms from Elapidae mainly contain neurotoxins, which are critical for rapid prey paralysis, while the venoms from Viperidae and Colubridae may contain fewer neurotoxins but are likely to induce circulatory disorders. Here, we show that the venoms from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri are comparable to those of Naja atra in prey immobilization. Further studies indicate that snake C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs), which are one of the main nonenzymatic components in viper venoms, are responsible for rapid prey immobilization. Snaclecs (mucetin and stejnulxin) from the venoms of P. mucrosquamatus and T. stejnegeri induce the aggregation of both mammalian platelets and avian thrombocytes, leading to acute cerebral ischemia, and reduced animal locomotor activity and exploration in the open field test. Viper venoms in the absence of snaclecs fail to aggregate platelets and thrombocytes, and thus show an attenuated ability to cause cerebral ischemia and immobilization of their prey. This work provides novel insights into the prey immobilization mechanism of Viperidae snakes and the understanding of viper envenomation-induced cerebral infarction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T03:13:27Z","timestamp":1581045207000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Snake C-Type Lectins Potentially Contribute to the Prey Immobilization in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230027, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiameng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runjia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbo","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China"},{"name":"Sino African Joint Research Center, CAS, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiumin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"},{"name":"Sino African Joint Research Center, CAS, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanbin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province\/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0048","article-title":"Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution","volume":"276","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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