{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:12:17Z","timestamp":1787029937034,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-Carn012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-Carn012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["722634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN), which frequently contaminates cereal-based human food and animal feed, is known to have an estrogenic effect. The biological response associated with exposure to ZEN has rarely been reported in organs other than the reproductive system. In the intestine, several studies suggested that ZEN might stimulate molecular changes related to the activation of early carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these events are not yet known. In this study, we investigated gene expression and changes in protein abundance induced by acute exposure to ZEN in the jejunum of castrated male pigs using an explant model. Our results indicate that ZEN induces the accumulation of ER\u03b1 but not ER\u03b2, modulates Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways, and induces molecular changes linked with energy sensing and the antimicrobial activity without inducing inflammation. Our results confirm that the intestine is a target for ZEN, inducing changes that promote cellular proliferation and could contribute to the onset of intestinal pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1581421530000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Acute Exposure to Zearalenone Disturbs Intestinal Homeostasis by Modulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tarek","family":"Lahjouji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Bertaccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Puel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle P.","family":"Oswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.030","article-title":"Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: An oestrogenic mycotoxin","volume":"45","author":"Zinedine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.10.015","article-title":"Zearalenone as an endocrine disruptor in humans","volume":"48","author":"Kowalska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Wang, B., Li, X., Wang, T., Zou, H., Gu, J., Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Bai, J., and Bian, J. (2018). Zearalenone promotes cell proliferation or causes cell death?. Toxins (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050184"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-010-0053-8","article-title":"Sequential events of apoptosis induced by zearalenone in cultured hepatocarcinoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Gazzah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.07.002","article-title":"Mycotoxin zearalenone induces AIF- and ROS-mediated cell death through p53- and MAPK-dependent signaling pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21944","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21944","article-title":"Zearalenone induces ROS-mediated mitochondrial damage in porcine IPEC-J2 cells","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116661021","article-title":"Regulation of oncogenes and gap junction intercellular communication during the proliferative response of zearalenone in TM3 cells","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Gao, R., Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Bi, C., and Shan, A. (2014). Toxic effects of maternal zearalenone exposure on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, immunological and morphological changes in rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106412"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.145","article-title":"Zearalenone (ZEA)-induced intestinal inflammation is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"190","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.06.020","article-title":"Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on the innate immune response of swine","volume":"56","author":"Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.05.033","article-title":"Effects of zearalenone on oxidative stress and inflammation in weanling piglets","volume":"58","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braicu, C., Cojocneanu-Petric, R., Jurj, A., Gulei, D., Taranu, I., Gras, A.M., Marin, D.E., and Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2016). Microarray based gene expression analysis of Sus Scrofa duodenum exposed to zearalenone: Significance to human health. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2984-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2010.1244","article-title":"Zearalenone and its metabolites as endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"3","author":"Metzler","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.012","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal exposure to the mycotoxin zearalenone induces phenotypic alterations in adult rat mammary gland","volume":"48","author":"Belli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.12.5925","article-title":"Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary","volume":"93","author":"Kuiper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00782-X","article-title":"ER\u03b2: Identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor","volume":"392","author":"Mosselman","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5331.1508","article-title":"Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ER\u03b1 and ERr\u03b2 at AP1 sites","volume":"277","author":"Paech","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science (80)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.06.012","article-title":"Estrogen receptors alpha (ER\u03b1) and beta (ER\u03b2): Subtype-selective ligands and clinical potential","volume":"90","author":"Paterni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.008","article-title":"Clinical effects and biochemical mechanisms associated with exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone","volume":"137","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.03.003","article-title":"Estrogen receptor beta: Tissue distribution and the still largely enigmatic physiological function","volume":"139","author":"Thelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt323","article-title":"Estrogen receptor \u03b1 or \u03b2 loss in the colon of Min\/+ mice promotes crypt expansion and impairs TGF\u03b2 and HNF3\u03b2 signaling","volume":"35","author":"Hasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3026","article-title":"Estrogen receptors alpha and beta are inhibitory modifiers of Apc-dependent tumorigenesis in the proximal colon of Min\/+ mice","volume":"67","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Huang, E., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Wu, N., Chen, X., Wang, N., Wen, S., Nan, G., and Deng, F. (2013). Crosstalk between Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and estrogen receptor signaling synergistically promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082436"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42908","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105316200","article-title":"Cross-talk between Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 and Estrogen Receptor Signaling through Smad3","volume":"276","author":"Matsuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.10.0532","article-title":"Estrogen-induced activation of Erk-1 and Erk-2 requires the G protein-coupled receptor homolog, GPR30, and occurs via trans-activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor through release of HB-EGF","volume":"14","author":"Filardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(87)90037-7","article-title":"Risk assessment of the mycotoxin zearalenone","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"1987","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder, S.B., Schwartz-Zimmermann, H.E., Varga, E., Bichl, G., Michlmayr, H., Adam, G., and Berthiller, F. (2017). Metabolism of zearalenone and its major modified forms in pigs. Toxins (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020056"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"301","article-title":"Morphology and ultrastructure of small intestine mucosa in gilts with zearalenone mycotoxicosis","volume":"8","author":"Obremski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przybylska-Gornowicz, B., Lewczuk, B., Prusik, M., Hanuszewska, M., Petrusewicz-Kosi\u0144ska, M., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Zielonka, \u0141., and Gaj\u0119cki, M. (2018). The effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the pig large intestine. A light and electron microscopy study. Toxins (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040148"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.10.022","article-title":"Exposure to zearalenone mycotoxin alters in vitro porcine intestinal epithelial cells by differential gene expression","volume":"232","author":"Taranu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02101","article-title":"Zearalenone-Promoted Follicle Growth through Modulation of Wnt-1\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway and Expression of Estrogen Receptor Genes in Ovaries of Postweaning Piglets","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, K., Habrowska-G\u00f3rczy\u0144ska, D.E., Urbanek, K.A., Domi\u0144ska, K., and Piastowska-Ciesielska, A.W. (2018). Estrogen receptor \u03b1 is crucial in zearalenone-induced invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells. Toxins (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10030098"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180120","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180120","article-title":"Tales from the crypt: Intestinal niche signals in tissue renewal, plasticity and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Spit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1295405","article-title":"Wnt signaling in the intestinal epithelium: From endoderm to cancer","volume":"19","author":"Gregorieff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.151","article-title":"Physiology of the (pro)renin receptor: Wnt of change","volume":"78","author":"Sihn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54890-9","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin activation down-regulates cell-cell junction-related genes and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancers","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1240","article-title":"Wnt signalling induces maturation of Paneth cells in intestinal crypts","volume":"7","author":"Jay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.08.031","article-title":"Redundant sources of Wnt regulate intestinal stem cells and promote formation of paneth cells","volume":"143","author":"Farin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-419X(97)00017-6","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 receptor signaling","volume":"1333","author":"Derynck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.07.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial proteomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity of zearalenone in MLTC-1 cells","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.01.004","article-title":"Porcine models of digestive disease: The future of large animal translational research","volume":"166","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400288","article-title":"Proteomics in mechanistic toxicology: History, concepts, achievements, caveats, and potential","volume":"15","author":"Rabilloud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-018-0095-4","article-title":"Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets","volume":"4","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00048.2015","article-title":"Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers","volume":"312","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrckulak, D., Janeckova, L., Lanikova, L., Kriz, V., Horazna, M., Babosova, O., Vojtechova, M., Galuskova, K., Sloncova, E., and Korinek, V. (2018). Wnt effector TCF4 is dispensable for Wnt signaling in human cancer cells. Genes (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9090439"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0021-z","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol attenuates glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 activation and tau hyperphosphorylation in Akt-independent manner","volume":"115","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00293","article-title":"Zearalenone Exposure Enhanced the Expression of Tumorigenesis Genes in Donkey Granulosa Cells via the PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B.J., Zheng, W.L., Feng, N.N., Wang, T., Zou, H., Gu, J.H., Yuan, Y., Liu, X.Z., Liu, Z.P., and Bian, J.C. (2018). The effects of autophagy and PI3K\/AKT\/m-TOR signaling pathway on the cell-cycle arrest of rats primary sertoli cells induced by zearalenone. Toxins (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10100398"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wu, W., Li, L., He, J., Huang, S., Chen, S., Chen, J., Long, M., Yang, S., and Li, P. (2019). Analysis of the miRNA Expression Profiles in the Zearalenone-Exposed TM3 Leydig Cell Line. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030635"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2008.04.010","article-title":"Wnt-11 signaling leads to down-regulation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, JNK\/AP-1 and NF-\u03baB pathways and promotes viability in the CHO-K1 cells","volume":"314","author":"Railo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1556-0864(18)30288-0","article-title":"8P Noncanonical Wnt11, a tumor suppressive gene by antagonizing canonical Wnt signaling, represents a putative molecularly therapeutic target in lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"647","article-title":"Guardians of the gut: Enteric defensins","volume":"8","author":"Hart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00341","article-title":"Human beta defensins and cancer: Contradictions and common ground","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2507","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin-3 inhibits migration of colon cancer cells via downregulation of metastasis-associated 1 family, member 2 expression","volume":"45","author":"Uraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208924","article-title":"The role of TGF-\u03b2 and Wnt signaling in gastrointestinal stem cells and cancer","volume":"24","author":"Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.05.030","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in development and disease","volume":"586","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pistol, G.C., Braicu, C., Motiu, M., Gras, M.A., Marin, D.E., Stancu, M., Calin, L., Israel-Roming, F., Berindan-Neagoe, I., and Taranu, I. (2015). Zearalenone mycotoxin affects immune mediators, MAPK signalling molecules, nuclear receptors and genome-wide gene expression in pig spleen. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127503"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.04.008","article-title":"Effects of purified zearalenone on selected immunological and histopathologic measurements of spleen in post-weanling gilts","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7061979","article-title":"Food contaminant zearalenone and its metabolites affect cytokine synthesis and intestinal epithelial integrity of porcine cells","volume":"7","author":"Marin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0876","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 as a drug target candidate for preventing lung inflammation","volume":"151","author":"Vegeto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15224","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15224","article-title":"Estrogen accelerates the resolution of inflammation in macrophagic cells","volume":"5","author":"Villa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saygin, C., Reizes, O., and Berger, N.A. (2017). Adipocytes, Adipocytokines, and Cancer. Adipocytokines, Energy Balance, and Cancer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41677-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.206","article-title":"Resistin upregulates MUC5AC\/B mucin gene expression in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"499","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.07.013","article-title":"Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN)","volume":"152","author":"Rykaczewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.07.013","article-title":"Risk assessment for changes in the metabolic profile and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts during long-term monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN)","volume":"109","author":"Tarasiuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrakis, D., Vassilopoulou, L., Mamoulakis, C., Psycharakis, C., Anifantaki, A., Sifakis, S., Docea, A.O., Tsiaoussis, J., Makrigiannakis, A., and Tsatsakis, A.M. (2017). Endocrine disruptors leading to obesity and related diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101282"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.024","article-title":"The food contaminant deoxynivalenol activates the mitogen activated protein kinases in the intestine: Interest of ex vivo models as an alternative to in vivo experiments","volume":"66","author":"Lucioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500005","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol inhibits the expression by goblet cells of intestinal mucins through a PKR and MAP kinase dependent repression of the resistin-like molecule \u03b2","volume":"59","author":"Pinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2083-x","article-title":"Intestinal toxicity of deoxynivalenol is limited by Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 in pig jejunum explants","volume":"92","author":"Payros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1902-9","article-title":"Co-exposure to low doses of the food contaminants deoxynivalenol and nivalenol has a synergistic inflammatory effect on intestinal explants","volume":"91","author":"Puel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29105","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29105","article-title":"Microbial biotransformation of DON: Molecular basis for reduced toxicity","volume":"6","author":"Pierron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp045","article-title":"Amplification efficiency: Linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data","volume":"37","author":"Ruijter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/12\/2\/113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:56:40Z","timestamp":1760173000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/12\/2\/113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins12020113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins12020113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]}}}