{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:21:54Z","timestamp":1787502114832,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intravesical botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection is effective in reducing urgency and urinary incontinence. It temporarily inhibits the detrusor muscle contraction by blocking the release of acetylcholine (Ach) from the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves in the efferent nerves. BoNT-A also blocks ATP release from purinergic efferent nerves in the detrusor muscle. In afferent nerves, BoNT-A injection markedly reduces the urothelial ATP release and increases nitric oxide (NO) release from the urothelium. BoNT-A injection in the urethra or bladder has been developed in the past few decades as the treatment method for detrusor sphincter dyssyndergia, incontinence due to neurogenic or idiopathic detrusor overactivity, sensory disorders, including bladder hypersensitivity, overactive bladder, and interstitial cystitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Although the FDA only approved BoNT-A injection treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity and for refractory overactive bladder, emerging clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of BoNT-A treatment in functional urological disorders. Cautious selection of patients and urodynamic evaluation for confirmation of diagnosis are crucial to maximize the successful outcomes of BoNT-A treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1582690709000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin A in Treatment of Functional Urological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6284-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Juin","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hou","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003962","article-title":"Safety of botulinum toxin type a: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Naumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. 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