{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:24:53Z","timestamp":1767626693811,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: In dystonia, the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is abnormally increased at rest and higher and longer-lasting during movement execution in comparison with healthy subjects (HS), suggesting an abnormal sensorimotor integration. These abnormalities are thought to depend on abnormal proprioceptive input coming from dystonic muscles. Since Botulinum toxin-A (BT-A) reduces proprioceptive input in the injected muscles, our study investigated the effects of BT-A on STDT tested at rest and during voluntary movement execution in patients with focal dystonia. (2) Methods: We enrolled 35 patients with focal dystonia: 14 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), 11 patients with blepharospasm (BSP), and 10 patients with focal hand dystonia (FHD); and 12 age-matched HS. STDT tested by delivering paired stimuli was measured in all subjects at rest and during index finger abductions. (3) Results: Patients with dystonia had higher STDT values at rest and during movement execution than HS. While BT-A did not modify STDT at rest, it reduced the abnormal values of STDT during movement in CD and FHD patients, but not in BSP patients. (4) Conclusions: BT-A improved abnormal sensorimotor integration in CD and FHD, most likely by decreasing the overflow of proprioceptive signaling from muscle dystonic activity to the thalamus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1588123755000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Botulinum Toxin Effects on Sensorimotor Integration in Focal Dystonias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria Ilenia","family":"De Bartolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Ferrazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Baione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Belvisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS NEUROMED, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.199","article-title":"Temporal discrimination is abnormal in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Artieda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0137-9","article-title":"The role of sensory information in the pathophysiology of focal dystonias","volume":"15","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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