{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:59:31Z","timestamp":1780315171136,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["063\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["063\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["003\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["003\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312329 \/ 2019-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312329 \/ 2019-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological activity of Rhinella icterica parotoid secretion (RIPS) and some of its chromatographic fractions (RI18, RI19, RI23, and RI24) was evaluated in the current study. Mass spectrometry of these fractions indicated the presence of sarmentogenin, argentinogenin, (5\u03b2,12\u03b2)-12,14-dihydroxy-11-oxobufa-3,20,22-trienolide, marinobufagin, bufogenin B, 11\u03b1,19-dihydroxy-telocinobufagin, bufotalin, monohydroxylbufotalin, 19-oxo-cinobufagin, 3\u03b1,12\u03b2,25,26-tetrahydroxy-7-oxo-5\u03b2-cholestane-26-O-sulfate, and cinobufagin-3-hemisuberate that were identified as alkaloid and steroid compounds, in addition to marinoic acid and N-methyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine. In chick brain slices, all fractions caused a slight decrease in cell viability, as also seen with the highest concentration of RIPS tested. In chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular preparations, RIPS and all four fractions significantly inhibited junctional acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this preparation, only fraction RI23 completely mimicked the pharmacological profile of RIPS, which included a transient facilitation in the amplitude of muscle twitches followed by progressive and complete neuromuscular blockade. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that RI23 consisted predominantly of bufogenins, a class of steroidal compounds known for their cardiotonic activity mediated by a digoxin- or ouabain-like action and the blockade of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels. These findings indicate that the pharmacological activities of RI23 (and RIPS) are probably mediated by: (1) inhibition of AChE activity that increases the junctional content of Ach; (2) inhibition of neuronal Na+\/K+-ATPase, leading to facilitation followed by neuromuscular blockade; and (3) blockade of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, leading to stabilization of the motor endplate membrane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:50:49Z","timestamp":1592268649000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemical and Pharmacological Screening of Rhinella icterica (Spix 1824) Toad Parotoid Secretion in Avian Preparations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Raquel Soares","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Programa de Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Trilha 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Trindade","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Programa de Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Trilha 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4689-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan Pinto","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, Programa de Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Trilha 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97300-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas: Bioqui\u0301mica Toxicolo\u0301gica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela Merlin","family":"Lailowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sint\u00e9ticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Get\u00falio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul RS 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6540-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla de Castro 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Po\u0301s-Graduac\u0327a\u0303o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Trilha 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4298-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Gomes dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos em Biodiversidade Pampiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Trilha 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tess\u00e1lia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas SP 13083-887, 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frost, D.R. 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