{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1790800758495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular dysfunction is an essential element found in many cardiovascular pathologies and in pathologies that have a cardiovascular impact such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Alteration of vasomotricity is due to an imbalance between the production of relaxing and contracting factors. In addition to becoming a determining factor in pathophysiological alterations, vascular dysfunction constitutes the first step in the development of atherosclerosis plaques or vascular calcifications. In patients with CKD, alteration of vasomotricity tends to emerge as being a new, less conventional, risk factor. CKD is characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) such as phosphate, para-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, and FGF23 and, consequently, the deleterious role of UTs on vascular dysfunction has been explored. This accumulation of UTs is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation, oxidative stress, and the decrease of nitric oxide production. The present review proposes to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which UTs induce vascular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T12:21:46Z","timestamp":1592482906000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Uremic Toxins and Vascular Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Six","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Flissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Lenglet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Louvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marl\u00e8ne","family":"Gallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad A.","family":"Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de N\u00e9phrologie et Dialyse, Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (APHP), H\u00f4pital Universitaire Ambroise Par\u00e9, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1018, Equipe 5, CESP (Centre de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations), Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay et Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 94800 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5384-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Liabeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Amiens University Hospital, 80025 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy023","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle contraction in hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Touyz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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