{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:17:54Z","timestamp":1792883874418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","award":["grants 2015\u201005468 and 2016\u201005885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2015\u201005468 and 2016\u201005885"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bee venom (BV) is a rich source of secondary metabolites from honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). It contains a variety of bioactive ingredients including peptides, proteins, enzymes, and volatile metabolites. The compounds contribute to the venom\u2019s observed biological functions as per its anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The antimicrobial action of BV has been shown in vitro and in vivo experiments against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The synergistic therapeutic interactions of BV with antibiotics has been reported. The synergistic effect contributes to a decrease in the loading and maintenance dosage, a decrease in the side effects of chemotherapy, and a decrease in drug resistance. To our knowledge, there have been no reviews on the impact of BV and its antimicrobial constituents thus far. The purpose of this review is to address the antimicrobial properties of BV and its compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12070451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1595394630000},"page":"451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Antimicrobial Properties of Apis mellifera\u2019s Bee Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"El-Seedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Al-Rayan Research and Innovation Center, Al-Rayan Colleges, Medina 42541, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Abd El-Wahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Bee Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza 12627, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermeen","family":"Yosri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt"},{"name":"School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Ghulam","family":"Musharraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moustafa","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, Safat 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Al-Mousawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, Safat 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfi","family":"Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, K., Fiayyaz, F., Khurshid, M., and Sabir, S. 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