{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:33:00Z","timestamp":1791495180961,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is both a harmless commensal organism on mucosal surfaces and an opportunistic pathogen. Under certain predisposing conditions, the fungus can overgrow the mucosal microbiome and cause both superficial and life-threatening systemic infections after gaining access to the bloodstream. As the first line of defense of the innate immune response, infecting C. albicans cells face macrophages, which mediate the clearance of invading fungi by intracellular killing. However, the fungus has evolved sophisticated strategies to counteract macrophage antimicrobial activities and thus evade immune surveillance. The cytolytic peptide toxin, candidalysin, contributes to this fungal defense machinery by damaging immune cell membranes, providing an escape route from the hostile phagosome environment. Nevertheless, candidalysin also induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to an increased host-protective pro-inflammatory response in mononuclear phagocytes. Therefore, candidalysin facilitates immune evasion by acting as a classical virulence factor but also contributes to an antifungal immune response, serving as an avirulence factor. In this review, we discuss the role of candidalysin during C. albicans infections, focusing on its implications during C. albicans-macrophage interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12080469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The Dual Function of the Fungal Toxin Candidalysin during Candida albicans\u2014Macrophage Interaction and Virulence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology\u2013Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology\u2013Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4552-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology\u2013Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohler, J.R., Hube, B., Puccia, R., Casadevall, A., and Perfect, J.R. 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