{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:59:35Z","timestamp":1783007975720,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is currently the most common marine biotoxin food poisoning worldwide, associated with human consumption of circumtropical fish and marine invertebrates that are contaminated with ciguatoxins. Ciguatoxins are very potent sodium-channel activator neurotoxins, that pose risks to human health at very low concentrations (&gt;0.01 ng per g of fish flesh in the case of the most potent Pacific ciguatoxin). Symptoms of CFP are nonspecific and intoxication in humans is often misdiagnosed. Presently, there is no medically approved treatment of ciguatera. Therefore, to mitigate the risks of CFP, reliable detection of ciguatoxins prior to consumption of fish tissue is acutely needed, which requires application of highly sensitive and quantitative analytical tests. During the last century a number of methods have been developed to identify and quantify the concentration of ciguatoxins, including in vivo animal assays, cell-based assays, receptor binding assays, antibody-based immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and analytical techniques based on coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Development of these methods, their various advantages and limitations, as well as future challenges are discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12080494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1596440757000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"Pasinszki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Pure Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, Fiji National University, P.O. Box 3722 Samabula, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimaima","family":"Lako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Home Economics, School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, Fiji National University, P.O. Box 3722 Samabula, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Pure Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, Fiji National University, P.O. Box 5529 Lautoka, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (2010). Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish\u2014Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group. 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