{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:04:06Z","timestamp":1793045046690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ4368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ4368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cDouble First-Class\u201d Disciplinary Construction Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["SYL2019049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYL2019049"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Research and Development Project of Hunan Development and Reform Commission","award":["37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["37"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-2 toxin, the most toxic of the trichothecenes, is widely found in grains and feeds, and its intake poses serious risks to the health of humans and animals. An important cytotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin is the production of excess free radicals, which in turn leads to oxidative stress. Betulinic acid (BA) has many biological activities, including antioxidant activity, which is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid. The protective effects and mechanisms of BA in blocking oxidative stress caused by acute exposure to T-2 toxin in the thymus of mice was studied. BA pretreatment reduced ROS production, decreased the MDA content, and increased the content of IgG in serum and the levels of SOD and GSH in the thymus. BA pretreatment also reduced the degree of congestion observed in histopathological tissue sections of the thymus induced by T-2 toxin. Besides, BA downregulated the phosphorylation of the p38, JNK, and ERK proteins, while it upregulated the expression of the Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in thymus tissues. The results indicated that BA could protect the thymus against the oxidative damage challenged by T-2 toxin by activating Nrf2 and suppressing the MAPK signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Betulinic Acid Attenuates Oxidative Stress in the Thymus Induced by Acute Exposure to T-2 Toxin via Regulation of the MAPK\/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglian","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colleges of Veterinary 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Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jine","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural 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