{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:25:14Z","timestamp":1782739514404,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxins are the major pathogenicity factors produced by numerous bacteria involved in severe diseases in humans and animals. Certain pathogenic bacteria synthesize only one toxin which is responsible for all the symptoms and outcome of the disease. For example, botulinum toxins (BoNTs) and tetanus toxin (TeNT) are the unique causal factors of botulism and tetanus, respectively. Other bacteria attack the host organism by a set of multiple toxins which synergistically act to promote the disease. This is the case of Clostridium and Staphylococcus strains which secrete wide ranges of toxins such as pore-forming toxins, membrane phospholipid damaging toxins, and other cytotoxins and toxins interacting with the immune system involved in gangrene lesion generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1599222006000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Bacterial Toxins, Current Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel R.","family":"Popoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteries Anaerobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monistero, V., Graber, H.U., Pollera, C., Cremonesi, P., Castiglioni, B., Bottini, E., Ceballos-Marquez, A., Lasso-Rojas, L., Kroemker, V., and Wente, N. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Mastitis in Eight Countries: Genotypes, Detection of Genes Encoding Different Toxins and Other Virulence Genes. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0325.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, D., Borges, A., and Sim\u00f5es, M. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Their Molecular Activity in Infectious Diseases. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060252"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa, F., Feitosa de Lima, J., Notomi Sato, M., \u00c1lefe Leuzzi Ramos, Y., Aoki, V., and Leao Orfali, R. (2019). Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Toxins in Atopic Dermatitis. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060321"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astley, R., Miller, F.C., Mursalin, M.H., Coburn, P.S., and Callegan, M.C. (2019). An Eye on Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Roles in Ocular Damage and Inflammation. 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The Expanding Therapeutic Utility of Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050208"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restivo, D.A., Panebianco, M., Casabona, A., Lanza, S., Marchese-Ragona, R., Patti, F., Masiero, S., Biondi, A., and Quartarone, A. (2018). Botulinum Toxin A for Sialorrhoea Associated with Neurological Disorders: Evaluation of the Relationship between Effect of Treatment and the Number of Glands Treated. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10020055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and Chung, M.E. (2018). Botulinum Toxin for Central Neuropathic Pain. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060224"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matak, I., B\u00f6lcskei, K., Bach-Rojecky, L., and Helyes, Z. (2019). Mechanisms of Botulinum Toxin Type A Action on Pain. 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