{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:59:24Z","timestamp":1791575964753,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a worldwide public health problem, requiring new therapeutic options. An alternative approach to this problem is the use of animal toxins isolated from snake venom, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which have important antimicrobial activities. Bothropserythromelas is one of the snake species in the northeast of Brazil that attracts great medical-scientific interest. Here, we aimed to purify and characterize a PLA2 from B. erythromelas, searching for heterologous activities against bacterial biofilms. Methods: Venom extraction and quantification were followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in C18 column, matrix-assisted ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry, and sequencing by Edman degradation. All experiments were monitored by specific activity using a 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoic acid (4N3OBA) substrate. In addition, hemolytic tests and antibacterial tests including action against Escherichiacoli, Staphylococcusaureus, and Acinetobacterbaumannii were carried out. Moreover, tests of antibiofilm action against A. baumannii were also performed. Results: PLA2, after one purification step, presented 31 N-terminal amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 13.6564 Da, with enzymatic activity confirmed in 0.06 \u00b5M concentration. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus (IC50 = 30.2 \u00b5M) and antibiofilm activity against A. baumannii (IC50 = 1.1 \u00b5M) were observed. Conclusions: This is the first time that PLA2 purified from B. erythromelas venom has appeared as an alternative candidate in studies of new antibacterial medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antibiofilm Activity of Acidic Phospholipase Isoform Isolated from Bothrops erythromelas Snake Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ellynes","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology\u2014Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3749-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno","family":"Frihling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology\u2014Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, MS 79117-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliz\u00e2ngela","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology\u2014Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, MS 79117-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Purification Laboratory and its Biological Functions, Faculty of Medicine, FAMED, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS 79603-011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton","family":"Verbisck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, MS 79106-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylla","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology\u2014Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"de Freitas J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology\u2014Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology\u2014Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, MS 79117-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, Federal District, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6969-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Purification Laboratory and its Biological Functions, Faculty of Medicine, FAMED, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS 79603-011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Migliolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology\u2014Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil"},{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology\u2014Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, MS 79117-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, Federal District, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology\u2014Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Science and Mathematics Education, Para\u00edba State University, Campina Grande PB 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70166-3","article-title":"Minimizing antibiotic resistance","volume":"5","author":"Livermore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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