{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:25:15Z","timestamp":1781727915897,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID PCI","award":["Redbio0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Redbio0027"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["EQM 170023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM 170023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since Rhinella sp. toads produce bioactive substances, some species have been used in traditional medicine and magical practices by ancient cultures in Peru. During several decades, the Rhinella horribilis toad was confused with the invasive toad Rhinella marina, a species documented with extensive toxinological studies. In contrast, the chemical composition and biological effects of the parotoid gland secretions (PGS) remain still unknown for R. horribilis. In this work, we determine for the first time 55 compounds from the PGS of R. horribilis, which were identified using HPLC-MS\/MS. The crude extract inhibited the proliferation of A549 cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.031 \u00b1 0.007 and 0.015 \u00b1 0.001 \u00b5g\/mL at 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. Moreover, it inhibited the clonogenic capacity, increased ROS levels, and prevented the etoposide-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the effect of R. horribilis poison secretion was by cell cycle blocking before of G2\/M-phase checkpoint. Fraction B was the most active and strongly inhibited cancer cell migration. Our results indicate that the PGS of R. horribilis are composed of alkaloids, bufadienolides, and argininyl diacids derivatives, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of A549 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T03:03:39Z","timestamp":1600916619000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Parotoid Gland Secretion from Peruvian Toad Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833): Chemical Composition and Effect on the Proliferation and Migration of Lung Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Schmeda-Hirschmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Paulo","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"N\u00facleo Cient\u00edfico Multidisciplinario, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1178-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maril\u00fa Roxana","family":"Soto-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Alan Arkin","family":"Alvarado-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo 13001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Palominos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metab\u00f3lica y Bioenerg\u00e9tica, Programa de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3944-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Fuentes-Retamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metab\u00f3lica y Bioenerg\u00e9tica, Programa de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Molecular, Instituto de 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Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix A.","family":"Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metab\u00f3lica y Bioenerg\u00e9tica, Programa de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-06032013000400024","article-title":"The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the 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