{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:16:45Z","timestamp":1784762205797,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["063\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["063\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312329\/2019-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312329\/2019-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhinella schneideri is a common toad found in South America, whose paratoid toxic secretion has never been explored as an insecticide. In order to evaluate its insecticidal potential, Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches were used as an experimental model in biochemical, physiological and behavioral procedures. Lethality assays with Rhinella schneideri paratoid secretion (RSPS) determined the LD50 value after 24 h (58.07\u00b5g\/g) and 48 h exposure (44.07 \u00b5g\/g) (R2 = 0.882 and 0.954, respectively). Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) after RSPS at its highest dose promoted an enzyme inhibition of 40%, a similar effect observed with neostigmine administration (p &lt; 0.001, n= 5). Insect locomotion recordings revealed that RSPS decreased the distance traveled by up to 37% with a concomitant 85% increase in immobile episodes (p &lt; 0.001, n = 36). RSPS added to in vivo cockroach semi-isolated heart preparation promoted an irreversible and dose dependent decrease in heart rate, showing a complete failure after 30 min recording (p &lt; 0.001, n \u2265 6). In addition, RSPS into nerve-muscle preparations induced a dose-dependent neuromuscular blockade, reaching a total blockage at 70 min at the highest dose applied (p &lt; 0.001, n \u2265 6). The effect of RSPS on spontaneous sensorial action potentials was characterized by an increase in the number of spikes 61% (p &lt; 0.01). Meanwhile, there was 42% decrease in the mean area of those potentials (p &lt; 0.05, n \u2265 6). The results obtained here highlight the potential insecticidal relevance of RSPS and its potential biotechnological application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1601543052000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Insecticidal Activity of Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) Paratoid Secretion in Nauphoeta cinerea Cocroaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas: Bioqu\u00edmica Toxicol\u00f3gica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etiely","family":"Karnopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Correia","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Soares","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Trindade","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Luana","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6890-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velci Queir\u00f3z de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela Merlin","family":"Laikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sint\u00e9ticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Get\u00falio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul RS 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidnei","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Produtos Naturais e Sint\u00e9ticos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Get\u00falio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul RS 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facia","family":"Vinad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Batista Teixeira da","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas: Bioqu\u00edmica Toxicol\u00f3gica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ch\u00e1riston Andr\u00e9","family":"Dal Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia, LANETOX, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel, S\u00e3o Gabriel RS 97307-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas: Bioqu\u00edmica Toxicol\u00f3gica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160345","article-title":"The search for novel insecticide targets in the post-genomics era, with a specific focus on G-protein coupled 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