{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:17:39Z","timestamp":1760239059825,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00d6sterreichische F\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft FFG","award":["844049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["844049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal superantigen toxins lead to a devastating cytokine storm resulting in shock and multi-organ failure. We have previously assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 variant vaccine (rTSST-1v) in clinical trials (NCT02971670 and NCT02340338). The current study assessed neutralizing antibody titers after repeated vaccination with escalating doses of rTSST-1v. At study entry, 23 out of 34 subjects (67.6%) had neutralizing antibody titers inhibiting T cell activation as determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation at a serum dilution of \u22641:100 with similar figures for inhibition of IL-2 activation (19 of 34 subjects, 55.9%) as assessed by quantitative PCR. After the first vaccination, numbers of subjects with neutralization titers inhibiting T cell activation (61.7% \u2265 1:1000) and inhibiting IL-2 gene induction (88.2% \u2265 1:1000) increased. The immune response was augmented after the second vaccination (inhibiting T cell activation: 78.8% \u2265 1:1000; inhibiting IL-2 induction: 93.9% \u2265 1:1000) corroborated with a third immunization months later in a small subgroup of subjects. Assessment of IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1 and IL-6 inhibition revealed similar results, whereas neutralization titers did not change in placebo participants. Antibody titer studies show that vaccination with rTSST-1v in subjects with no\/low neutralizing antibodies can rapidly induce high titer neutralizing antibodies persisting over months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T09:39:25Z","timestamp":1601631565000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Titer Persistent Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by TSST-1 Variant Vaccine Against Toxic Shock Cytokine Storm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Roetzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedizinische Forschung &amp; Bio-Produkte AG, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Stich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedizinische Forschung &amp; Bio-Produkte AG, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Model","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedizinische Forschung &amp; Bio-Produkte AG, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schwameis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Firbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Jilma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Eibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedizinische Forschung &amp; Bio-Produkte AG, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.09.018","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis: The Grady Memorial Hospital experience with methicillin-sensitive S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus bacteremia","volume":"147","author":"Abraham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. 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