{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:30:03Z","timestamp":1781307003205,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicokinetic characteristics of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) in broiler chickens and the effect of calcination of a Tunisian montmorillonite clay on the in vivo absorption of AFG1. In this study, broiler chickens were randomly distributed into four groups of 10 animals. Group 1 was administered AFG1 (2 mg\/kg body weight (BW)) by single intravenous injection (IV), group 2 received an intra-crop bolus (PO) of AFG1 without any clay, group 3 was dosed AFG1 PO together with an oral bolus of purified clay (CP), and group 4 received AFG1 PO with an oral bolus of calcined clay. A significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC0-t) was observed for group 4 (6.78 \u00b1 4.24 h*ng\/mL) in comparison with group 2 (12.83 \u00b1 4.19 h*ng\/mL). A significant reduction of the oral bioavailability of AFG1 was observed for group 4 (7.61 \u00b1 4.76%) compared with group 2 (14.40 \u00b1 4.70%), while no significant effect was observed of CP. In this experiment, no phase I nor phase II metabolites of AFG1 were observed. These findings confirm that calcination of the purified montmorillonite clay enhances the adsorption of AFG1 in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, thereby reducing its bioavailability, thus reducing its toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T21:26:06Z","timestamp":1603056366000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roua","family":"Rejeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LR18AG01, ISA-CM-BP, 47, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Universit\u00e9 de Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegrid De","family":"Baere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Devreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ducatelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siska","family":"Croubels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madiha Hadj","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LR18AG01, ISA-CM-BP, 47, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Universit\u00e9 de Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ghorbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory LR18ES33, National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Avenue Omar Ibn El Khattab, 6029 Gabes, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunther","family":"Antonissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2014.1726","article-title":"Climate change factors and Aspergillus flavus: Effects on gene expression, growth and aflatoxin production","volume":"8","author":"Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.04.010","article-title":"Natural occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 in peanut collected from Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"22","author":"Kamika","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.06.007","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 in maize harvested over 3 years in Iran","volume":"23","author":"Mirabolfathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"218","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 and M1 contamination of animal feeds and milk from urban centers in Kenya","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. 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