{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:31Z","timestamp":1787030131178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1110343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1110343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1154503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1154503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) envenoming causes life-threatening neuromuscular paralysis in humans. We studied the time period during which antivenom remains effective in preventing and arresting in vitro neuromuscular block caused by taipan venom and taipoxin. Venom showed predominant pre-synaptic neurotoxicity at 3 \u00b5g\/mL and post-synaptic neurotoxicity at 10 \u00b5g\/mL. Pre-synaptic neurotoxicity was prevented by addition of Australian polyvalent antivenom before the venom and taipoxin and, reversed when antivenom was added 5 min after venom and taipoxin. Antivenom only partially reversed the neurotoxicity when added 15 min after venom and had no significant effect when added 30 min after venom. In contrast, post-synaptic activity was fully reversed when antivenom was added 30 min after venom. The effect of antivenom on pre-synaptic neuromuscular block was reproduced by washing the bath at similar time intervals for 3 \u00b5g\/mL, but not for 10 \u00b5g\/mL. We found an approximate 10\u201315 min time window in which antivenom can prevent pre-synaptic neuromuscular block. This time window is likely to be longer in envenomed patients due to the delay in venom absorption. Similar effectiveness of antivenom and washing with 3 \u00b5g\/mL venom suggests that antivenom most likely acts by neutralizing pre-synaptic toxins before they interfere with neurotransmission inside the motor nerve terminals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Umesha","family":"Madhushani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey K.","family":"Isbister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Tasoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne C.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming","volume":"3","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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