{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:11:46Z","timestamp":1793722306789,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sialorrhea, or excessive saliva beyond the margin of the lip, is a common problem in many neurological diseases. Previously, sialorrhea has been underrecognized in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients. Despite this, many patients rank sialorrhea as one of the most debilitating complaints of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Previous treatment for sialorrhea has been suboptimal and has been plagued by significant side effects that are bothersome and can be dangerous in patients with a concurrent neurodegenerative disease. This review sought to review the anatomy, function, and etiology of sialorrhea in PD. It then sought to examine the evidence for the different treatments of sialorrhea in PD, and further examined newer evidence for safety and efficacy in minimally invasive treatment such as botulinum toxin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Sialorrhea in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 2800 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, D.C., WA 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanskruti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 2800 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, D.C., WA 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasar","family":"Torres-Yaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 2800 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, D.C., WA 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 2800 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, D.C., WA 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5051010","article-title":"Sialorrhea: Anatomy, Pathophysiology and Treatment with Emphasis on the Role of Botulinum Toxins","volume":"5","author":"Lakraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5098-2","article-title":"Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"256","author":"Kalf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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