{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:11:24Z","timestamp":1792033884837,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects in Hunan Province","award":["2019SK2041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SK2041"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["81773393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773393"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["81502787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81502787"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010083","name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX20190238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20190238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacterial blooms triggered by eutrophication and climate change have become a global public health issue. The toxic metabolites microcystins (MCs) generated by cyanobacteria can accumulate in food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to human and animals health. Studies have suggested that aside liver, the kidney may be another target organ of MCs intoxication. Therefore, this review provides various evidences on the nephrotoxicity of MCs. The review concludes that nephrotoxicity of MCs may be related to inhibition of protein phosphatases and excessive production of reactive oxygen species, cytoskeleton disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. To protect human from MCs toxic consequences, this paper also puts forward some directions for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["A Review of Nephrotoxicity of Microcystins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiping","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China"},{"name":"Chenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chenzhou 423000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Yaw","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.013","article-title":"State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins","volume":"59","author":"Merel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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