{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1790086155683,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human botulism is a severe disease characterized by flaccid paralysis and inhibition of certain gland secretions, notably salivary secretions, caused by inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Naturally acquired botulism occurs in three main forms: food-borne botulism by ingestion of preformed botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in food, botulism by intestinal colonization (infant botulism and intestinal toxemia botulism in infants above one year and adults), and wound botulism. A rapid laboratory confirmation of botulism is required for the appropriate management of patients. Detection of BoNT in the patient\u2019s sera is the most direct way to address the diagnosis of botulism. Based on previous published reports, botulinum toxemia was identified in about 70% of food-borne and wound botulism cases, and only in about 28% of infant botulism cases, in which the diagnosis is mainly confirmed from stool sample investigation. The presence of BoNT in serum depends on the BoNT amount ingested with contaminated food or produced locally in the intestine or wound, and the timeframe between serum sampling and disease onset. BoNT levels in patient\u2019s sera are most frequently low, requiring a highly sensitive method of detection. Mouse bioassay is still the most used method of botulism identification from serum samples. However, in vitro methods based on BoNT endopeptidase activity with detection by mass spectrometry or immunoassay have been developed and depending on BoNT type, are more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. These new assays show high specificity for individual BoNT types and allow more accurate differentiation between positive toxin sera from botulism and autoimmune neuropathy patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T08:44:02Z","timestamp":1605257042000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Toxemia in Human Naturally Acquired Botulism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Rasetti-Escargueil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Toxines Bact\u00e9riennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lemichez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Toxines Bact\u00e9riennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel R.","family":"Popoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Toxines Bact\u00e9riennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, M., and Stenmark, P. 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