{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:23:02Z","timestamp":1779916982291,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011091","name":"FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT 16\/6308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT 16\/6308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT\/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT\/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT\/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS\/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p &lt; 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng\/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 \u00b5g\/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 \u00b5g\/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T22:53:52Z","timestamp":1605567232000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Celine","family":"Meerpoel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnau","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel K.","family":"Tangni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Couck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riet","family":"De Rycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, VIB BioImaging Core, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lobke","family":"De Bels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2160-7253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"De Saeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Devreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siska","family":"Croubels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","article-title":"Mycotoxins","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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