{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:10:31Z","timestamp":1790673031345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish National Project DIANAS","award":["CTM2017-86066-R, MICINN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2017-86066-R, MICINN"]}]},{"name":"CCVIEO (Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda).","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the R\u00edas Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1605767032000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8164-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Ben-Gigirey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli E.","family":"Rossignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (CIMA), 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Riob\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO), 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.-K. 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