{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:16:40Z","timestamp":1793362600306,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304532\/2013\u00ad4, 303958\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304532\/2013\u00ad4, 303958\/2018-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["2016\/50127-5; 2017\/24546-3; 2018\/08589-7; 2018\/26520-4, 2018\/25749-8, 2018\/15753-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/50127-5; 2017\/24546-3; 2018\/08589-7; 2018\/26520-4, 2018\/25749-8, 2018\/15753-8"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROESTADO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROESTADO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ontogenetic changes in venom composition have been described in Bothrops snakes, but only a few studies have attempted to identify the targeted paralogues or the molecular mechanisms involved in modifications of gene expression during ontogeny. In this study, we decoded B. jararacussu venom gland transcripts from six specimens of varying sizes and analyzed the variability in the composition of independent venom proteomes from 19 individuals. We identified 125 distinct putative toxin transcripts, and of these, 73 were detected in venom proteomes and only 10 were involved in the ontogenetic changes. Ontogenetic variability was linearly related to snake size and did not correspond to the maturation of the reproductive stage. Changes in the transcriptome were highly predictive of changes in the venom proteome. The basic myotoxic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) were the most abundant components in larger snakes, while in venoms from smaller snakes, PIII-class SVMPs were the major components. The snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) identified corresponded to novel sequences and conferred higher pro-coagulant and hemorrhagic functions to the venom of small snakes. The mechanisms modulating venom variability are predominantly related to transcriptional events and may consist of an advantage of higher hematotoxicity and more efficient predatory function in the venom from small snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:45:36Z","timestamp":1607906736000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Size Matters: An Evaluation of the Molecular Basis of Ontogenetic Modifications in the Composition of Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana A.","family":"Freitas-de-Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro G.","family":"Nachtigall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Portes-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Holding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar S.","family":"Nystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schyler A.","family":"Ellsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noranathan C.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilly","family":"Tioyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias S.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e1cio L. M.","family":"Junqueira-de-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe G.","family":"Grazziotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0356-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darin R.","family":"Rokyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Moura-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias-Toxinologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Cl\u00ednica Carlos Borborema, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, 69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356","article-title":"The toxicogenomic multiverse: Convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms","volume":"10","author":"Fry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. 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