{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:45:07Z","timestamp":1790178307627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014382","name":"Ipsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A inhibits neurotransmitter release by cleaving SNAP-25 and represents an established pharmaceutical for treating medical conditions caused by hyperactivity of cholinergic nerves. Oversecretion from non-neuronal cells is often also the cause of diseases. Notably, excessive release of inflammatory messengers is thought to contribute to diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes etc. The expansion of its application to these medical conditions is prevented because the major non-neuronal SNAP-25 isoform responsible for exocytosis, SNAP-23, is, in humans, virtually resistant to BoNT\/A. Based on previous structural data and mutagenesis studies of SNAP-23 we optimized substrate binding pockets of the enzymatic domain for interaction with SNAP-23. Systematic mutagenesis and rational design yielded the mutations E148Y, K166F, S254A, and G305D, each of which individually increased the activity of LC\/A against SNAP-23 between 3- to 23-fold. The assembled quadruple mutant showed approximately 2000-fold increased catalytic activity against human SNAP-23 in in vitro cleavage assays. A comparable increase in activity was recorded for the full-length BoNT\/A quadruple mutant tested in cultivated primary neurons transduced with a fluorescently tagged-SNAP-23 encoding gene. Equipped with a suitable targeting domain this quadruple mutant promises to complete successfully tests in cells of the immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1608523921000},"page":"804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Engineering an Effective Human SNAP-23 Cleaving Botulinum Neurotoxin A Variant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sikorra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zellbiochemie, OE 4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Schwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zellbiochemie, OE 4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam P.","family":"Kupinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineeta","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation, 102 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zellbiochemie, OE 4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossetto, O., and Montecucco, C. 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