{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:40:30Z","timestamp":1790883630296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002076","name":"Emergency Medicine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMPG\u2010205R22\u20102014\u2010LITTLE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMPG\u2010205R22\u20102014\u2010LITTLE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carukia barnesi was the first in an expanding list of cubozoan jellyfish whose sting was identified as causing Irukandji syndrome. Nematocysts present on both the bell and tentacles are known to produce localised stings, though their individual roles in Irukandji syndrome have remained speculative. This research examines differences through venom profiling and pulse wave Doppler in a murine model. The latter demonstrates marked measurable differences in cardiac parameters. The venom from tentacles (CBVt) resulted in cardiac decompensation and death in all mice at a mean of 40 min (95% CL: \u00b1 11 min), whereas the venom from the bell (CBVb) did not produce any cardiac dysfunction nor death in mice at 60 min post-exposure. This difference is pronounced, and we propose that bell exposure is unlikely to be causative in severe Irukandji syndrome. To date, all previously published cubozoan venom research utilised parenterally administered venom in their animal models, with many acknowledging their questionable applicability to real-world envenomation. Our model used live cubozoans on anaesthetised mice to simulate normal envenomation mechanics and actual expressed venoms. Consequently, we provide validity to the parenteral methodology used by previous cubozoan venom research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1609271725000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differences in Cardiac Effects of Venoms from Tentacles and the Bell of Live Carukia barnesi: Using Non-Invasive Pulse Wave Doppler"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Cairns Base Hospital, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Cairns Base Hospital, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health &amp; Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcl057","article-title":"Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Little","year":"2006","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1964.tb114424.x","article-title":"Cause and effect in Irukandji stingings","volume":"1","author":"Barnes","year":"1964","journal-title":"Med. 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