{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:07Z","timestamp":1787029987871,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-toxin agents for severe B. anthracis infection will only be effective if they add to the benefit of the two mainstays of septic shock management, antibiotic therapy and titrated hemodynamic support. Both of these standard therapies could negate benefits related to anti-toxin treatment. At present, three anthrax anti-toxin antibody preparations have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval: Raxibacumab, Anthrax Immune Globulin Intravenous (AIGIV) and ETI-204. Each agent is directed at the protective antigen component of lethal and edema toxin. All three agents were compared to placebo in antibiotic-treated animal models of live B. anthracis infection, and Raxibacumab and AIGIV were compared to placebo when combined with standard hemodynamic support in a 96 h canine model of anthrax toxin-associated shock. However, only AIG has actually been administered to a group of infected patients, and this experience was not controlled and offers little insight into the efficacy of the agents. To provide a broader view of the potential effectiveness of these agents, this review examines the controlled preclinical experience either in antibiotic-treated B. anthracis models or in titrated hemodynamic-supported toxin-challenged canines. The strength and weaknesses of these preclinical experiences are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:50:54Z","timestamp":1610574654000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Review of the Efficacy of FDA-Approved B. anthracis Anti-Toxin Agents When Combined with Antibiotic or Hemodynamic Support in Infection- or Toxin-Challenged Preclinical Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zoe","family":"Couse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizhong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahtab","family":"Moayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Leppla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Q.","family":"Eichacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353","article-title":"Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic findings","volume":"8","author":"Jernigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. 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