{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:18:22Z","timestamp":1791883102725,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its introduction as a treatment for strabismus, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has had a phenomenal journey and is now recommended as first-line treatment for focal dystonia, despite short-term clinical benefits and the risks of adverse effects. To cater for the high demand across various medical specialties, at least six US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved formulations of BoNT are currently available for diverse labelled indications. The toxo-pharmacological properties of these formulations are not uniform and thus should not be used interchangeably. Synthetic BoNTs and BoNTs from non-clostridial sources are not far from clinical use. Moreover, the study of mutations in naturally occurring toxins has led to modulation in the toxo-pharmacokinetic properties of BoNTs, including the duration and potency. We present an overview of the toxo-pharmacology of conventional and novel BoNT preparations, including those awaiting imminent translation from the laboratory to the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:50:54Z","timestamp":1610574654000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Botulinum Toxin: An Update on Pharmacology and Newer Products in Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8624-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriyo","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, Kolkata 700017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Rd, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suparna","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, Kolkata 700017, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata 700020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrishikesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, Kolkata 700017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0728-2","article-title":"From poison to remedy: The chequered history of botulinum toxin","volume":"115","author":"Erbguth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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