{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:06:28Z","timestamp":1788498388833,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protobothrops mucrosquamatus poses a serious medical threat to humans in Southern and Southeastern Asia. Hemorrhage is one of the conspicuous toxicities related to the pathology of P. mucrosquamatus envenoming. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that a silica-derived reagent, sodium silicate complex (SSC), was able to neutralize hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities induced by pit viper venoms, including Crotalus atrox, Agkistrodoncontortrix contortrix and Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. In this study, we validated that SSC could neutralize enzymatic and toxic effects caused by the venom of P. mucrosquamatus. We found that SSC inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities induced by P. mucrosquamatus venom in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that SSC could block intradermal hemorrhage caused by P. mucrosquamatus venom in a mouse model. Finally, SSC could neutralize lethal effects of P. mucrosquamatus venom in the mice. Therefore, SSC is a candidate for further development as a potential onsite first-aid treatment for P. mucrosquamatus envenoming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T01:33:29Z","timestamp":1610674409000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Sodium Silicate Complex against Hemorrhagic Activities Induced by Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yen-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tse-Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Che","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6160-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enkang Clinic, 3F, 88, Baozhong Rd., Xindian Dist, New Taipei 23144, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuei-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Hung-Tsang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Sing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasturiratne, A., Wickremasinghe, A.R., de Silva, N., Gunawardena, N.K., Pathmeswaran, A., Premaratna, R., Savioli, L., Lalloo, D.G., and de Silva, H.J. 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