{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1788406090628,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010067","name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Group B29_17R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Group B29_17R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF2017-83120-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2017-83120-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ASPANOA","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GLD18\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLD18\/00100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008767","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo Garant\u0131a Empleo Juvenil\/INAEM","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"DGA predoctoral contract","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Juan de la Cierva contract of Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["FJCI-2017-31629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJCI-2017-31629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes of hospital-acquired and community infections and pose a challenge to the human health care system. Therefore, it is important to find new drugs that show activity against these bacteria, both in monotherapy and in combination with other antimicrobial drugs. Gliotoxin (GT) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi of the Aspergillus genus. Some evidence suggests that GT shows antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in vitro, albeit its efficacy against multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strainsis not known. This work aimed to evaluate the antibiotic efficacy of GT as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutics against MRSA in vitro and in vivo using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:28:31Z","timestamp":1611577711000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Gliotoxin Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Esteban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Redrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Carboqu\u0131mica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Comas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Carboqu\u0131mica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6829-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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Isabel","family":"Mill\u00e1n-Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Seral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Algarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maykel","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Carboqu\u0131mica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6928-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Galvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Carboqu\u0131mica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1086\/533494","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001\u20132004","volume":"197","author":"Gorwitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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