{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:55:33Z","timestamp":1793451333387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Research Council","award":["9040-00248B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9040-00248B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Southern Ocean is one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. It is an area heavily dependent on marine primary production and serving as a feeding ground for numerous seabirds and marine mammals. Therefore, the phytoplankton composition and presence of toxic species are of crucial importance. Fifteen monoclonal strains of Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata, a diatom species endemic to the Southern Ocean, were established, which were characterized by morphological and molecular data and then analysed for toxin content. The neurotoxins domoic acid and iso-domoic acid C were present in three of the strains, which is a finding that represents the first evidence of these toxins in strains from Antarctic waters. Toxic phytoplankton in Antarctic waters are still largely unexplored, and their effects on the ecosystem are not well understood. Considering P. subcurvata\u2019s prevalence throughout the Southern Ocean, these results highlight the need for further investigations of the harmful properties on the Antarctic phytoplankton community as well as the presence of the toxins in the Antarctic food web, especially in the light of a changing climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T23:01:28Z","timestamp":1611702088000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["First Evidence of the Toxin Domoic Acid in Antarctic Diatom Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9001-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Olesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneliese","family":"Leithoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Altenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Lars Th\u00f8rings veg 10, 9006 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Krock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6kologische Chemie, Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1nk","family":"Beszteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phycology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Lena","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6kologische Chemie, Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Lundholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.06.001","article-title":"Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011","volume":"79","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-007-0369-9","article-title":"Distribution and ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in surface waters of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)","volume":"31","author":"Almandoz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"E1516","article-title":"Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world\u2019s ocean","volume":"11","author":"Malviya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 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