{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:08:22Z","timestamp":1793318902106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":490,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004875","name":"DFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JE 871\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JE 871\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"BMWi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AiF 16845 N, AiF 17506 N, AiF 18677 N, AiF 19659 N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AiF 16845 N, AiF 17506 N, AiF 18677 N, AiF 19659 N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T22:02:01Z","timestamp":1611871321000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":307,"title":["The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sch\u00f6nleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Jessberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sch\u00f6nleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Ehling-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin","family":"M\u00e4rtlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sch\u00f6nleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Einar","family":"Granum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.33043\/FF.4.2.203-222","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Bacillus spp., with emphasis on the dairy industry","volume":"4","author":"Grutsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fine Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2016. EFSA J., 15, e05077.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5077"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018). 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