{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:59:33Z","timestamp":1792670373312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004710","name":"Fondazione Umberto Veronesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG18925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG18925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB850 project C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB850 project C2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current strategies for glioma treatment are only partly effective because of the poor selectivity for tumoral cells. Hence, the necessity to identify novel approaches is urgent. Recent studies highlighted the effectiveness of the bacterial protein cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) in reducing tumoral mass, increasing survival of glioma-bearing mice and protecting peritumoral neural tissue from dysfunction. However, native CNF1 needs to be delivered into the brain, because of its incapacity to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) per se, thus hampering its clinical translation. To allow a non-invasive administration of CNF1, we here developed a chimeric protein (CTX-CNF1) conjugating CNF1 with chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide already employed in clinics due to its ability of passing the BBB and selectively binding glioma cells. After systemic administration, we found that CTX-CNF1 is able to target glioma cells and significantly prolong survival of glioma-bearing mice. Our data point out the potentiality of CTX-CNF1 as a novel effective tool to treat gliomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1615176085000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["CTX-CNF1 Recombinant Protein Selectively Targets Glioma Cells In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Vannini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tantillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudula","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t, Institut f\u00fcr Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Caleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox091","article-title":"Global incidence of malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors by histology, 2003\u20132007","volume":"19","author":"Leece","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15328","article-title":"Progression of motor deficits in glioma-bearing mice: Impact of CNF1 therapy at symptomatic stages","volume":"8","author":"Vannini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now114","article-title":"Electrophysiology of glioma: A Rho GTPase-activating protein reduces tumor growth and spares neuron structure and function","volume":"18","author":"Vannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tantillo, E., Colistra, A., Vannini, E., Cerri, C., Pancrazi, L., Baroncelli, L., Costa, M., and Caleo, M. 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