{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:56:28Z","timestamp":1773906988128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013038","name":"Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no numbr"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no numbr"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most frequently encountered seafood poisoning syndromes; it is caused by the consumption of marine finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The majority of CFP cases result from eating fish flesh, but a traditional belief exists among people that the head and viscera are more toxic and should be avoided. Unlike the viscera, scientific data to support the legendary high toxicity of the head is scarce. We prepared tissue samples from the fillet, head, and eyes taken from five yellow-edged lyretail (Variola louti) individuals sourced from Okinawa, Japan, and analyzed the CTXs by LC-MS\/MS. Three CTXs, namely, CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, were confirmed in similar proportions. The toxins were distributed nearly evenly in the flesh, prepared separately from the fillet and head. Within the same individual specimen, the flesh in the fillet and the flesh from the head, tested separately, had the same level and composition of toxins. We, therefore, conclude that flesh samples for LC-MS\/MS analysis can be taken from any part of the body. However, the tissue surrounding the eyeball displayed CTX levels two to four times higher than those of the flesh. The present study is the first to provide scientific data demonstrating the high toxicity of the eyes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T21:43:31Z","timestamp":1616017411000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Characteristic Distribution of Ciguatoxins in the Edible Parts of a Grouper, Variola louti"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1130-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomasa","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroya","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Kuniyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Sugita-Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yasumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2020). 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