{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T01:58:44Z","timestamp":1781056724508,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, there are numerous non-motor symptoms as well. Among the non-motor symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common. Autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease include sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and urinary dysfunction. Botulinum neurotoxin has been shown to potentially improve these autonomic symptoms. In this review, the varied uses of botulinum neurotoxin for autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease are discussed. This review also includes discussion of some additional indications for the use of botulinum neurotoxin in Parkinson\u2019s disease, including pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin for Autonomic Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-7015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Sidiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-7015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","article-title":"An essay on the shaking palsy 1817","volume":"14","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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