{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:41:21Z","timestamp":1790494881265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogen isolated from diabetic foot infections (DFIs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate its behavior in an in vitro model mimicking the conditions encountered in DFI. Four clinical S. aureus strains were cultivated for 16 weeks in a specific environment based on the wound-like medium biofilm model. The adaptation of isolates was evaluated as follows: by Caenorhabditis elegans model (to evaluate virulence); by quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) (to evaluate expression of the main virulence genes); and by Biofilm Ring test\u00ae (to assess the biofilm formation). After 16 weeks, the four S. aureus had adapted their metabolism, with the development of small colony variants and the loss of \u03b2-hemolysin expression. The in vivo nematode model suggested a decrease of virulence, confirmed by qRT-PCRs, showing a significant decrease of expression of the main staphylococcal virulence genes tested, notably the toxin-encoding genes. An increased expression of genes involved in adhesion and biofilm was noted. Our data based on an in vitro model confirm the impact of environment on the adaptation switch of S. aureus to prolonged stress environmental conditions. These results contribute to explore and characterize the virulence of S. aureus in chronic wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T21:17:52Z","timestamp":1616447872000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Medium Mimicking a Diabetic Foot Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6815-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Pouget","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude-Alexandre","family":"Gustave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69365 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Ngba-Essebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69365 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Staphylocoques, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69365 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lemichez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Toxines Bact\u00e9riennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tristan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69365 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Staphylocoques, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69365 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, CHU N\u00eemes, Univ Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Dunyach-R\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU N\u00eemes, Univ Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU N\u00eemes, Univ Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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