{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:38:02Z","timestamp":1785533882792,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active molecules that impact multiple physiological systems. Manufacture of antivenoms (AVs) therefore requires potency testing using in vivo models to ensure AV efficacy. As part of ongoing research to replace small animals as the standard model for AV potency testing, we developed an alternate in vivo method using the embryonated egg model (EEM). In this model, the survival of chicken embryos envenomated in ovo is determined prior to 50% gestation, when they are recognized as animals by animal welfare legislation. Embryos were found to be susceptible to a range of snake, spider, and marine venoms. This included funnel-web spider venom for which the only other vertebrate, non-primate animal model is newborn mice. Neutralization of venom with standard AV allowed correlation of AV potency results from the EEM to results from animal assays. Our findings indicate that the EEM provides an alternative, insensate in vivo model for the assessment of AV potency. The EEM may enable reduction or replacement of the use of small animals, as longer-term research that enables the elimination of animal use in potency testing continues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T21:36:51Z","timestamp":1616621811000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Potency Testing of Venoms and Antivenoms in Embryonated Eggs: An Ethical Alternative to Animal Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Verity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Vandenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Rockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.09.010","article-title":"Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish","volume":"91","author":"Badre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6071979","article-title":"Comparative studies of the venom of a new Taipan species, Oxyuranus temporalis, with other members of its genus","volume":"6","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.02.006","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins","volume":"54","author":"Brinkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkman, D.L., Jia, X., Potriquet, J., Kumar, D., Dash, D., Kvaskoff, D., and Mulvenna, J. 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