{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:12:31Z","timestamp":1760425951029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Estonian Ministry of Education and Research under institutional research financing","award":["grant nr IUT 19-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant nr IUT 19-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010675","name":"H2020 Innovation In SMEs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OLDIAS2\u2014Online Dialysis Sensor Phase2 project, Grant Agreement nr 767572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OLDIAS2\u2014Online Dialysis Sensor Phase2 project, Grant Agreement nr 767572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Estonian Centre of Excellence in IT (EXCITE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Estonian Centre of Excellence in IT (EXCITE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical monitoring of spent dialysate has been used to estimate the removal of water-soluble low molecular weight as well as protein-bound uremic toxins from the blood of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. The aim of this work was to develop an optical method to estimate the removal of \u03b22-microglobulin (\u03b22M), a marker of middle molecule (MM) uremic toxins, during hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence spectra of dialysate samples were recorded from 88 dialysis sessions of 22 ESKD patients, receiving four different settings of dialysis treatments. Stepwise regression was used to obtain the best model for the assessment of \u03b22M concentration in the spent dialysate. The correlation coefficient 0.958 and an accuracy of 0.000 \u00b1 0.304 mg\/L was achieved between laboratory and optically estimated \u03b22M concentrations in spent dialysate for the entire cohort. Optically and laboratory estimated reduction ratio (RR) and total removed solute (TRS) of \u03b22M were not statistically different (p &gt; 0.35). Dialytic elimination of MM uremic toxin \u03b22M can be followed optically during dialysis treatment of ESKD patients. The main contributors to the optical signal of the MM fraction in the spent dialysate were provisionally identified as tryptophan (Trp) in small peptides and proteins, and advanced glycation end-products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1617186273000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optical Method and Biochemical Source for the Assessment of the Middle-Molecule Uremic Toxin \u03b22-Microglobulin in Spent Dialysate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joosep","family":"Paats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Adoberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Nephrology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Arund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7374-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Fridolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Lauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"},{"name":"SYNLAB Eesti O\u00dc, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liisi","family":"Leis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Nephrology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merike","family":"Luman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"},{"name":"Centre of Nephrology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risto","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii5","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm022","article-title":"EBPG guideline on dialysis strategies","volume":"22","author":"Tattersall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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