{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:58:32Z","timestamp":1784609912865,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spiders are one of the most successful groups of venomous animals, but surprisingly few species have been examined in sufficient detail to determine the structure of their venom systems. To learn more about the venom system of the family Araneidae (orb-weavers), we selected the wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi) and examined the general structure and morphology of the venom apparatus by light microscopy. This revealed morphological features broadly similar to those reported in the small number of other spiders subject to similar investigations. However, detailed evaluation of the venom duct revealed the presence of four structurally distinct compartments. We propose that these subunits facilitate the expression and secretion of venom components, as previously reported for similar substructures in pit vipers and cone snails.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T21:47:33Z","timestamp":1618264053000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Morphological Analysis Reveals a Compartmentalized Duct in the Venom Apparatus of the Wasp Spider (Argiope bruennichi)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Henrike","family":"Schmidtberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gie\u00dfen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn M.","family":"von Reumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gie\u00dfen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gie\u00dfen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8276-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gie\u00dfen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"L\u00fcddecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schendel, V., Rash, L.D., Jenner, R.A., and Undheim, E.A.B. 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