{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:28:41Z","timestamp":1787995721192,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["High Impact Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant Scheme (HICoE\/ITAFoS\/6369114)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["High Impact Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant Scheme (HICoE\/ITAFoS\/6369114)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice bran, a by-product of the rice milling process, has emerged as a functional food and being used in formulation of healthy food and drinks. However, rice bran is often contaminated with numerous mycotoxins. In this study, a method to simultaneous detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), sterigmatocystin (STG), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice bran was developed, optimized and validated using dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). In DLLME, using a solvent mixture of methanol\/water (80:20, v\/v) as the dispersive solvent and chloroform as the extraction solvent with the addition of 5% salt improved the extraction recoveries (63\u2013120%). The developed method was further optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box\u2013Behnken Design (BBD). Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r2) \u2265 0.990 and a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.5 to 50 ng g\u22121. The recoveries ranged from 70.2% to 99.4% with an RSD below 1.28%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze multi-mycotoxin in 24 rice bran samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1618522513000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and LC-MS\/MS Analysis for Multi-Mycotoxin in Rice Bran: Method Development, Optimization and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sofiyatul Akmal","family":"Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashidah","family":"Sukor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nazri","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinap","family":"Selamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"By-products of rice processing: An overview of health benefits and applications","volume":"1","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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