{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:45:29Z","timestamp":1790369129426,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia","award":["(584\/UN3.14\/PT\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(584\/UN3.14\/PT\/2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although millions of people have been infected by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), only a small proportion of infected individuals will develop adverse outcomes, ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. Advanced development of the disease has been well-linked with chronic inflammation, which is significantly impacted by the adaptive and humoral immunity response. From the perspective of cellular immunity, this review aims to clarify the intricate axis between IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in H. pylori-related diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. CD4+ helper T (Th)-17 cells, with the hallmark pleiotropic cytokine IL-17, can affect antimicrobial activity and the pathogenic immune response in the gut environment. These circumstances cannot be separated, as the existence of affiliated cytokines, including IL-21 and IL-23, help maintain Th17 and accommodate humoral immune cells. Comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interaction between molecular host responses in H. pylori-related diseases and the inflammation process may facilitate further development of immune-based therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The Roles of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in the Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastrointestinal Inflammation: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9577-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astri","family":"Dewayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartika Afrida","family":"Fauzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky Indra","family":"Alfaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Langgeng Agung","family":"Waskito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalla","family":"Doohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudith Annisa Ayu","family":"Rezkitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya 60113, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurachman","family":"Abdurachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reny","family":"I\u2019tishom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"},{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health (GO-MARCH), Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Miftahussurur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, 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