{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:44:31Z","timestamp":1779878671063,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation USA","award":["DEB 1822417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1822417"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation USA","award":["DEB 1638879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1638879"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The venoms of small rear-fanged snakes (RFS) remain largely unexplored, despite increased recognition of their importance in understanding venom evolution more broadly. Sequencing the transcriptome of venom-producing glands has greatly increased the ability of researchers to examine and characterize the toxin repertoire of small taxa with low venom yields. Here, we use RNA-seq to characterize the Duvernoy\u2019s gland transcriptome of the Plains Black-headed Snake, Tantilla nigriceps, a small, semi-fossorial colubrid that feeds on a variety of potentially dangerous arthropods including centipedes and spiders. We generated transcriptomes of six individuals from three localities in order to both characterize the toxin expression of this species for the first time, and to look for initial evidence of venom variation in the species. Three toxin families\u2014three-finger neurotoxins (3FTxs), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPIIIs)\u2014dominated the transcriptome of T. nigriceps; 3FTx themselves were the dominant toxin family in most individuals, accounting for as much as 86.4% of an individual\u2019s toxin expression. Variation in toxin expression between individuals was also noted, with two specimens exhibiting higher relative expression of c-type lectins than any other sample (8.7\u201311.9% compared to &lt;1%), and another expressed CRISPs higher than any other toxin. This study provides the first Duvernoy\u2019s gland transcriptomes of any species of Tantilla, and one of the few transcriptomic studies of RFS not predicated on a single individual. This initial characterization demonstrates the need for further study of toxin expression variation in this species, as well as the need for further exploration of small RFS venoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T22:36:24Z","timestamp":1620426984000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Duvernoy\u2019s Gland Transcriptomics of the Plains Black-Headed Snake, Tantilla nigriceps (Squamata, Colubridae): Unearthing the Venom of Small Rear-Fanged Snakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich P.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8229-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhett M.","family":"Rautsaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason L.","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020","article-title":"Complex cocktails: The evolutionary novelty of venoms","volume":"28","author":"Casewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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