{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:06:37Z","timestamp":1773000397613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The project was financially supported by the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the program entitled \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d for the years 2019-2022 (project No. 010\/RID\/2018\/19; amount of funding PLN 12,000,000).","award":["No. 010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, alpha-zearalenol (\u03b1-ZEL) and beta-zearalenol (\u03b2-ZEL), are ubiquitous in plant materials used as feed components in dairy cattle diets. The aim of this study was to confirm the occurrence of ZEN and its selected metabolites in blood samples collected from different sites in the hepatic portal system (posthepatic\u2013external jugular vein EJV; prehepatic\u2013abdominal subcutaneous vein ASV and median caudal vein MCV) of dairy cows diagnosed with mastitis, ovarian cysts and pyometra. The presence of mycotoxins in the blood plasma was determined with the use of combined separation methods involving immunoaffinity columns, a liquid chromatography system and a mass spectrometry system. The parent compound was detected in all samples collected from diseased cows, whereas \u03b1-ZEL and \u03b2-ZEL were not identified in any samples, or their concentrations were below the limit of detection (LOD). Zearalenone levels were highest in cows with pyometra, where the percentage share of average ZEN concentrations reached 44%. Blood sampling sites were arranged in the following ascending order based on ZEN concentrations: EJV (10.53 pg\/mL, 44.07% of the samples collected from this site), ASV (14.20 pg\/mL, 49.59% of the samples) and MCV (26.67 pg\/mL, 67.35% of the samples). The results of the study indicate that blood samples for toxicological analyses should be collected from the MCV (prehepatic vessel) of clinically healthy cows and\/or cows with subclinical ZEN mycotoxicosis. This sampling site increases the probability of correct diagnosis of subclinical ZEN mycotoxicosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T13:39:22Z","timestamp":1624887562000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Occurrence of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in the Blood of High-Yielding Dairy Cows at Selected Collection Sites in Various Disease States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Bara\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gaj\u0119cka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mr\u00f3z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Onyszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dairy Industry Innovation Ltd., Kormoran\u00f3w 1, 11-700 Mr\u0105gowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1061-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna E.","family":"Przyby\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, S\u0142oneczna 45F, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Babuchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dairy Industry Innovation Ltd., Kormoran\u00f3w 1, 11-700 Mr\u0105gowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej T.","family":"Gaj\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.11.006","article-title":"Correlations between exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors in the intestinal epithelium and the mRNA expression of selected colonic enzymes in pre-pubertal gilts","volume":"173","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114366","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption removal of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol from dairy cow rumen fluid by modified nano-montmorillonite and evaluation of its mechanism","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. 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