{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1790665349472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2012-39972-C02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2012-39972-C02-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cultures of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are frequently affected by accumulation of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA). This species is characterized by a fast uptake and release of the toxin. In this work, the main characteristics of the uptake mechanism have been studied by incubation of digestive gland thin slices in media with different composition and DA concentration. DA uptake seems to follow Michaelis\u2013Menten kinetics, with a very high estimated KM (1722 \u00b5g DA mL\u22121) and a Vmax of 71.9 \u00b5g DA g\u22121 h\u22121, which is similar to those found for other amino acids in invertebrates. Replacement of NaCl from the incubation media by Cl-choline (Na+-free medium) did not significantly reduce the uptake, but replacement by sorbitol (Na+-free and Cl\u2212-depleted medium) did. A new experiment replacing all chlorides with their equivalent gluconates (Na+- and Cl\u2212-free medium) showed an important reduction in the uptake that should be attributed to the absence of chloride, pointing to a Na+-independent, Cl\u2212 (or anion-) dependent transporter. In media with Na+ and Cl\u2212, neither decreasing the pH nor adding cyanide (a metabolic inhibitor) had significant effect on DA uptake, suggesting that the transport mechanism is not H+- or ATP-dependent. In a chloride depleted medium, lowering pH or adding CN increased the uptake, suggesting that other anions could, at least partially, substitute chloride.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T02:44:39Z","timestamp":1625107479000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s\/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mari\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s\/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s\/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli E.","family":"Rossignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s\/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.6.578b","article-title":"Constituents of Chondria armata","volume":"6","author":"Takemoto","year":"1958","journal-title":"Chem. 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