{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:47:49Z","timestamp":1788637669779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016120","name":"Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project-43, 2019 modality A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project-43, 2019 modality A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2017-85732-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-85732-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson\u00b4s disease (PD) and Alzheimer\u00b4s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (44 PD and 24 AD) and from their healthy companions (25) from La Rioja region were analyzed. The studied mycotoxins were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2 and HT-2, ochratoxins A (OTA) and B (OTB), zearalenone, sterigmatocystin (STER), nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS\/MS before and after treatment with \u03b2-glucuronidase\/arylsulfatase in order to detect potential metabolites. Only OTA, OTB and STER were detected in the samples. OTA was present before (77% of the samples) and after (89%) the enzymatic treatment, while OTB was only detectable before (13%). Statistically significant differences in OTA between healthy companions and patients were observed but the observed differences might seem more related to gender (OTA levels higher in men, p-value = 0.0014) than the disease itself. STER appeared only after enzymatic treatment (88%). Statistical analysis on STER, showed distributions always different between healthy controls and patients (patients\u2019 group &gt; controls, p-value &lt; 0.0001). Surprisingly, STER levels weakly correlated positively with age in women (rho = 0.3384), while OTA correlation showed a decrease of levels with age especially in the men with PD (rho = \u22120.4643).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T22:16:48Z","timestamp":1626041808000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Arce-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Alvarez-Erviti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4210-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4807-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Izco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Marzo-Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8447-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Debegnach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Lizarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela","family":"L\u00f3pez de Cerain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariane","family":"Vettorazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"a006189","article-title":"Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease","volume":"1","author":"Frosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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