{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:01:58Z","timestamp":1769846518889,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":395,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rostock University Medical Center internal funding","award":["FORUN 889005 and 889014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORUN 889005 and 889014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s patients often suffer from depression and anxiety, for which there are no optimal treatments. Hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats were used to test whether intrastriatal Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) application could also have antidepressant-like properties in addition to the known improvement of motor performance. To quantify depression- and anxiety-like behavior, the forced swim test, tail suspension test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test were applied to hemi-PD rats injected with BoNT-A or vehicle. Furthermore, we correlated the results in the forced swim test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test with the rotational behavior induced by apomorphine and amphetamine. Hemi-PD rats did not show significant anxiety-like behavior as compared with Sham 6-OHDA- + Sham BoNT-A-injected as well as with non-injected rats. However, hemi-PD rats demonstrated increased depression-like behaviors compared with Sham- or non-injected rats; this was seen by increased struggling frequency and increased immobility frequency. Hemi-PD rats intrastriatally injected with BoNT-A exhibited reduced depression-like behavior compared with the respective vehicle-receiving hemi-PD animals. The significant effects of intrastriatally applied BoNT-A seen in the forced swim test are reminiscent of those found after various antidepressant drug therapies. Our data correspond with the efficacy of BoNT-A treatment of glabellar frown lines in treating patients with major depression and suggest that also intrastriatal injected BoNT-A may have some antidepressant-like effect on hemi-PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T11:26:10Z","timestamp":1626780370000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antidepressant-Like Properties of Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Antipova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Holzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hawlitschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03","article-title":"Projected Number of People with Parkinson Disease in the Most Populous Nations, 2005 through 2030","volume":"68","author":"Dorsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Breteler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010","article-title":"Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Unified Framework","volume":"68","author":"Moustafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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