{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:29:29Z","timestamp":1791829769885,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 DK048106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 DK048106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DK104868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DK104868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK034854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK034854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM106720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM106720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-1652316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-1652316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harrington Scholar Innovator Award","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"The Harvard Digestive Diseases Center","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds tightly to up to five GM1 glycosphingolipids. This provides a robust and tractable model for exploring membrane structure and its dynamics including vesicular trafficking and nanodomain assembly. Here, we review important advances in these fields enabled by use of CTxB and its lipid receptor GM1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T23:37:21Z","timestamp":1628033841000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Kenworthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie S.","family":"Schmieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnan","family":"Raghunathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajit","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne I.","family":"Lencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/1831533a0","article-title":"Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"183","author":"De","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.4.1487","article-title":"Toxin, toxin-coregulated pili, and the toxR regulon are essential for Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis in humans","volume":"168","author":"Herrington","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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