{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:58:46Z","timestamp":1793505526759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are main contributors to organ dysfunction in AKI, but they are not alone. The precise mechanisms behind multi-organ dysfunction are not yet fully accounted for. The building up of uremic toxins specific to AKI might be a plausible explanation for these disturbances. However, controversies have arisen around their effects in organs other than the kidney, because animal models usually depict AKI as a kidney-specific injury. Meanwhile, humans present AKI frequently in association with multi-organ failure (MOF). Until now, medium-molecular-weight molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines, have been proven to play a role in endothelial and epithelial injury, leading to increased permeability and capillary leakage, mainly in pulmonary and intestinal tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T02:03:55Z","timestamp":1628474635000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Iv\u00e1n","family":"Lara-Prado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 27, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06900, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Pazos-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center \u201c21st Century\u201d, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Enrique","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Landa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 48, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02750, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce Paola","family":"Grajales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 27, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06900, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alfredo","family":"Feria-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 29, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07910, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Salazar-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Regional Hospital No. 1, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Cruz-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center \u201c21st Century\u201d, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Academy of Medicine, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32563-2","article-title":"Acute kidney injury","volume":"394","author":"Ronco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090740","article-title":"Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients","volume":"16","author":"Chertow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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