{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:51:37Z","timestamp":1788241897857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ph. D. Fellowship 443553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ph. D. Fellowship 443553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Conacyt-Fordecyt 303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Conacyt-Fordecyt 303045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30\u201335% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve\u2013hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T23:00:09Z","timestamp":1629673209000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Coronado Island Rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri caliginis) Venom and Antivenom Neutralization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cristian","family":"Franco-Serv\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"},{"name":"Colecci\u00f3n Zool\u00f3gica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Neri-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"B\u00e9nard-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rams\u00e9s Alejandro","family":"Rosales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecci\u00f3n Zool\u00f3gica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Guerrero-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Electrofisiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Emanuel","family":"Poblano-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico de Especialidades del Hospital General ISSSTE, Av. 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Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5895-1568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas","family":"Sigala-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colecci\u00f3n Zool\u00f3gica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Centro de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Uetz, P., Freed, P., and Hosek, J. (2020, April 26). The Reptile Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.reptile-database.org\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitt, L.J., and Caldwell, J.P. (2014). Squamates-Snakes. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, Elsevier. 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