{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:09Z","timestamp":1787029989070,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004966","name":"Fifth Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QLK1-2001-01614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QLK1-2001-01614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MA 3323\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA 3323\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGA 1182312 GF-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGA 1182312 GF-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RCC Ltd, Itingen, Switzerland","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread food contaminant, with exposure estimated to range from 0.64 to 17.79 ng\/kg body weight (bw) for average consumers and from 2.40 to 51.69 ng\/kg bw per day for high consumers. Current exposure estimates are, however, associated with considerable uncertainty. While biomarker-based approaches may contribute to improved exposure assessment, there is yet insufficient data on urinary metabolites of OTA and their relation to external dose to allow reliable estimates of daily intake. This study was designed to assess potential species differences in phase II biotransformation in vitro and to establish a correlation between urinary OTA-derived glucuronides and mercapturic acids and external exposure in rats in vivo. In vitro analyses of OTA metabolism using the liver S9 of rats, humans, rabbits and minipigs confirmed formation of an OTA glucuronide but provided no evidence for the formation of OTA-derived mercapturic acids to support their use as biomarkers. Similarly, OTA-derived mercapturic acids were not detected in urine of rats repeatedly dosed with OTA, while indirect analysis using enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine samples prior to LC\u2013MS\/MS established a linear relationship between urinary glucuronide excretion and OTA exposure. These results support OTA-derived glucuronides but not mercapturic acids as metabolites suitable for biomonitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T23:19:33Z","timestamp":1629760773000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Derived Glucuronides and Mercapturic Acids as Biomarkers of Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Raphael","family":"Dekant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Adaku Chilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Mally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019 of 25","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"SCOOP (2021, July 27). Reports on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation: Assessment of Dietary Intake of Ochratoxin a by the Population of EU Member States. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/safety\/chemical-safety\/contaminants\/catalogue\/ochratoxin_en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2006). Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to ochratoxin A in food, EFSA-Q-2005-154. EFSA J., 365, 1\u201356.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2006.365"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EFSA (2020). Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J., 18, e06113."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habschied, K., Kanizai Saric, G., Krstanovic, V., and Mastanjevic, K. (2021). Mycotoxins-biomonitoring and human exposure. 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